Cationic unsaturated amine-functional silane coupling agents

ABSTRACT

MOIETY, Z being bonded to the nitrogen atom by a C-N bond; R&#39;&#39; is independently selected from the group consisting of the hydrogen atom, lower alkyl radical or a heterocyclic organic compound containing the nitrogen atom as a ring member; M IS AN INTEGER OF 1 OR 2; R&#39;&#39;&#39;&#39; is the hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl radical; and Y is an acid anion; are polymerized with vinylic monomers to produce organosilicon-containing polymers having utility as elastomers and coating compositions.   GROUPS OR NITROGEN IN THE FORM OF GROUPS; Z is a divalent organic radical having a double bond conjugated with the   IN WHICH Q is a divalent hydrocarbon radical or a divalent hydrocarbon radical containing oxygen in the form of   Organosilicon compounds of the formula

United States Patent 1191 Plueddemann [451 May 20, 1975 1 CATIONIC UNSATURATED AMINE-FUNCTIONAL SILANE COUPLING AGENTS [75] Inventor: Edwin P. Plueddemann, Midland,

Mich.

[731 Assignee: Dow Corning Corporation, Midland,

Mich.

221 Filed: Apr. 4, 1974 211 App]. No.: 457,943

Related US. Application Data [60] Division of Ser. No. 323,595, Jan. 15, 1973, Pat. No.

3,819,675, which is a division of Ser. No. 99,228,.

Dec. 17, 1970, Pat. No, 3,734,763, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser, No. 825,035, May 15, 1969, abandoned.

[52] US. Cl. 260/80 PS; 260/46.5 E; 260/82.1; 260/85.7; 260/86.1 R; 260/88.1 P; 260/827 [51] Int. Cl C08f 3/16; C08f 11/04 [58] Field of Search 260/46.5 E, 80 PS, 827, 260/ 82.1, 85.7, 86.1 R, 88.1 P

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,655,633 4/1972 Saam 260/79 3,819,675

6/1974 Plueddemannm/ 260/46.5 E

Primary ExaminerMelvyn l. Marquis Attorney, Agent, or FirmNorman E. Lewis [57] ABSTRACT Organosilicon compounds of the formula Q is a divalent hydrocarbon radical or a divalent hydrocarbon radical containing oxygen in the form of groups or nitrogen in the form of R"l l- Z is a divalent organic radical having a double bond conjugated with the 7 Claims, No Drawings CATIONIC UNSATURATED AMlNE-FUNCTIONAL SILANE COUPLING AGENTS This is a division, of application Ser. No. 323,595, filed Jan. 1973 now US. Pat. No. 3,819,675; which in turn is a division of application Ser. No. 99,228, filed Dec. 17, 1970; now US. Pat. No. 3,734,763, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 825,035; filed May 15, 1969; now abandoned.

Organosilicon compounds having amino substituents have attained considerable commercial success as coupling agents to improve the adhesion of certain polymeric materials to siliceous substrates. Aminopropylsubstituted silanes and aminoethylaminopropylsubstituted silanes are representative of the organosilicon compounds utilized in such bonding applications in conjunction with phenolic and melamine type resins. Ethylenicallyunsaturated silanes, such as vinyltrichlorosilane, are used in these applications when bonding with vinylic polymers. To date, the amine-functional silanes have not been used as the sole component of coupling agents for vinylic polymers.

It has been'found that the compositions claimed herein provide excellent adhesion of organic polymers to siliceous surfaces, for example, when the unsaturated aminefunctional silanes of the invention are applied in their cationic form to siliceous reinforcing surformula hydrolyzates and partial hydrolyzates thereof, in which X is the hydroxyl group or a hydrolyzable radical; R is a lower alkyl radical; Q is a divalent hydrocarbon radical or a divalent hydrocarbon radical containing oxygen in the form of -COC- 4500-,

I -gor 4301-!- groups or nitrogen in the form of R"l"l-;

R is independently selected from the group consisting of the hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl radical or a heterocyclic organic compound containing the nitrogen atom as a ring member;

m is an integer of l or 2; Z is a divalent organic radical having a double bond conjugated with the C=CHa moiety, Z being bonded to the nitrogen atom by a C-N bond;

R" is the hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl radical; n is an integer having a value of from 1 to 3 inclusive;

and Y is an acid anion.

As described above, X is the hydroxyl group or a hy-- drolyzable radical, such as alkoxy radicals, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy and isobutoxy; aryloxy radicals, for example, phenoxy; halogen atoms, for example. chlorine, bromine and fluorine, acyloxy radicals, for example, acetoxy, propionoxy and decanoxy; ketoxime radicals, for example, (CH C=N-O; and amine radicals for example, CH NH-, NH and (C H N. As used herein hydrolyzable group is taken to mean any radical which will react with water at room temperature to form a silanol.

R is a lower alkyl radical containing no more than 6 carbon atoms, for example, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl or a hexyl radical. The same or different R substituents can be attached to the same silicon atom.

For purposes of this invention, the linking group, O, between the silicon atom and the nitrogen atom, is composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, the latter being in the form of carbonyl, ether, ester and hydroxyl groups or nitrogen in the form of an amide group. Spe-' cific examples of Q are divalent hydrocarbon radicals such as the propylene radical, the (-CH radical, the (--CH radical and (CH radical and branched chain radicals such as P e -CH QCCHQ 3 carbonyl groups such as and groups such as ester Also, Q can contain nitrogen, for example CH CH CH NHCH CH R is independently selected from the group consisting of the hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl radical such as described with respect to R or heterocyclic organic compound containing the nitrogen atom as a ring member, for example,

CH; (3H: CH

-C a-@-, um amon -Q- radicals; carbonyl radicals, for example R is the hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl radical such as described with respect to R.

Y is a halogen atom; chlorine, bromine, or iodine; or other acid anion, such as carboxylate anions; for example, formate and acetate anions; the phosphate anion, the sulfate anion; the nitrate anion and the like.

Thus the following are illustrative of compounds within the scope of the invention:

I I OH; (Call: )2 0 an,

G G (05,0)asica.hgig-cnacn --ci-i-cn ClhCOO, and

Partial condensates of the cationic unsaturated amine-functional silanes are also within the scope of the invention. Partial condensate is meant to imply that a detectable amount of the hydroxyl or hydrolyzable groups remain uncondensed in the compositions. preferably at least one such group per every four silicon atoms remains uncondensed. The partial condensate is a polymer of S;OSiO units with the silicon atoms retaining their cationic functionality and the requisite amount of hydroxyl groups, the hydroxyl or hydrolyzable groups being available to form bonds with inorganic substrates when the polymer is used as a coupling agent or primer.

The compounds of the invention can be prepared by reaction of a conjugated unsaturated alkylhalide with an amino-functional silane. This reaction is carried out in a suitable solvent, with conditions of time and temperature varying widely. A second method of preparation, analogous to the first, is the reaction of silylsubstituted alkylhalide with a conjugated unsaturated aliphatic amine to produce the cationic compounds. Both of these reactions are carried out in a suitable solvent, such as dimethylformamide, l-methoxy-Z- propanol, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, tert-butyl alcohol, isopropanol, methanol and diacetone alcohol. Certain of the cationic compounds are obtained by dissolving the neutral unsaturated secondary and tertiary amine in an acid solution, such as dilute sulfuric acid. These methods of producing the compounds are illustrated in detail in the examples.

The cataionic unsaturated amine-functional silanes are soluble in aqueous media to the extent that at least 5 weight percent solutions are readily formed. These solutions can be applied to solid inorganic materials by conventional techniques such as dipping, brushing or spraying. The solid inorganic material treated in this manner then has attached to its surfaces the hydrolyzate of the formula in which all radicals are as previously defined.

This hydrolyzate may be in the form of a partial condensate in which a detectable amount of hydroxyl or hydrolyzable groups (preferably at least one such group per every four silicon atoms) remain uncondensed and are than available for reaction with sites on the inorganic surface to provide chemical bonding. Although not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the SiOl-l radicals in the coupling agent react with silicon-bonded hydroxyl groups on siliceous surfaces or with metal oxides on metal surfaces to form the chemical bond. Contrary to this theory, and thus unexpectedly, certain amine hydrochlorides of the invention provide increased adhesion between vinylic polymers, such as acrylates and gold, a metal which is not subject to oxidation.

Cationic treated siliceous materials can be combined with organic resins, such as polyester-styrene resins, to provide reinforced articles. Superior strength is imparted to these articles because the interface of the resin and the siliceous material is formed by reaction of the organic polymer and cationic compound in one instance and the reaction of SiX groups and water on the solid in the other instance. It is believed that the enhanced properties of such a composite are, at least in part, provided by an ordering or alignment of molecules at the interface which is a result of their cationic nature.

Organic polymers include thermoplastic and thermosetting polymeric materials, both of the condensation type, such as the polyamides and the vinylic type, such as the polyolefins. Representative of condensation polymers are the acetal polymers, such as made by the copolymerization of propylene oxide and formaldehyde; alkyd resins, such as are synthesized by reacting a saturated polybasic acid with a polyol; amino resins, such as the reaction products of urea or melamine with formaldehyde; epoxy resins, such as those derived from bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin; phenolic resins, both resols and novolaks; polyamides, such as the reaction product of hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid; polycarbonates, such as the reaction products of bisphenol A and a carbonate diester; polyester resins, such as poly(ethylene terephthalate), and polysulfone resins, such as those made by the reaction of the disodium salt of bisphenol A and 4,4- dichlorodiphenylsulfone. The aliphatically unsaturated monomers suitable for polymerization and fabrication of the above-described reinforced composite include styrene, acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene, acrylonitrilestyrene, isobutene, styrene-butadiene, ethylene, propylene, vinylacetal, vinylchloride-vinylidene, methylmethacrylate, and ethylene-propylene-cyclohexadiene. The polymers, formed by polymerization of the aliphatically unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds, can be rigid materials, such as polyester resins or elastomeric materials, such as styrene-butadiene rubber, and as a class are conveniently designated as vinylic polymers. When vinylic polymers are used in combination with unsaturated amines of the invention, especially the amine hydrochlorides, it may be desirable to add a free radical initiator to promote reaction between the polymer and the unsaturation of the amine. The free radical source should be one which is active at the bonding temperature, thus, dicumyl peroxide is preferred for use with polypropylene, and benzoyl peroxide is preferred for use with styrene-containing polymers.

Solid siliceous materials commonly used for reinforcing organic polymers include glass, in the form of cloth, strands and chopped fibers; silica, asbestos, mica, talc, and quartz. An additional advantage is realized when fibrous materials are treated since the cationic compounds minimize the build-up of static charge in the fibers and thereby facilitate the handling of strands, rovings and the like.

As an alternative to treating the solid reinforcing material and then forming the composite, the cationic compounds of the invention can be copolymerized with the unsaturated monomers, such as methylmethacrylate, styrene and vinyl acetate, to form a vinylic polymer which in turn can be combined with untreated reinforcing material to form the composite. Generally the copolymers of the invention contain from 0.5 to 5 mol percent of the cationic amine-functional units. The copolymers are produced by vinylic polymerization with conventional catalysts by emulsion polymerization, solution polymerization and other methods which are well known for polymerization of the particular monomer. Of course, the vinylic polymers must be in such a physical state (i.e.; softened or melted) that the un- 6 treated reinforcing material can be incorporated therein or laminated thereto.

Also, within the scope of the invention is the formation of the cationic coupling agents in situ during production of composite articles. This can be accomplished by coating the substrate or reinforcing material with one reactant necessary to the formation of the cationic compound and coating the solid vinylic polymer with the other reactant. For example, when polyethylene film is dipped in a solution of vinylbenzyl chloride and then pressed at temperatures of about 200C. onto aluminum panels primed with n-beta-(aminoethyl)- gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, a strong bond between the aluminum and polyethylene is obtained.

In addition to their utility as coupling agents on siliceous reinforcing materials, the cationic compositions of the invention are primers for bonding other inorganic solids, for example metals, such as aluminum, magnesium, zinc, tin, chromium, titanium or steel to the organic polymers. The alkaline minerals are another class of inorganic solids useful in the formation of composite articles. Polyester castings utilizing an amine hydrochloride coupling agent and filled with granular calcium phosphate show much greater flexural strength than the same type of casting in which the coupling agent was omitted. Calcium phosphate is one of the principal components of tooth enamel, thus the amine hydrochlorides have utility as adhesive aids in dental restorations.

The amine hydrochlorides of the invention (wherein at least one R radical is a hydrogen atom) are especially useful as primers for increasing the adhesion of vinylic polymers to gold. This is unexpected since gold does not oxidize, and it is generally thought that an oxidized or hydroxylated surface is necessary to obtain good bonding. Good adhesion of vinylic polymers, such as the acrylic resins, to gold surfaces is of special importance in the fabrication of dental restorative prosthetic devices.

The copolymeric cationic materials of the invention also exhibit the increase in bond strength. For example, when copolymerized with acrylic esters, the cationic acrylate forms a thin hard film, which when cured, adheres tenaciously to common structural material, such as steel or ceramic surfaces. The copolymers can be pigmented and used as paint compositions.

The following examples are illustrative of the invention, which is properly delineated in the appended claims.

EXAMPLE 1 A mixture of 50 grams of 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane (0.25 mol), 0.5 grams of methyliodide, 50 grams of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (0.32 mol), 100 grams of dimethylformamide and 0.5 grams of sulfur was maintained at C. for 24 hours, after which time titration showed 0.21 equivalents of halide ion present. After a total of 50 hours heating at 95C., titration showed 0.25 equivalents of halide ion present and the reaction was considered complete. The product,

(B G (mcobstcrucmcmncn. l. o-c -c-cna (:1,

(CH3): 0 CH3 was soluble in water, giving a slightly hazy foamy solution which was stable.

Table l-Continued AMINE HALlDE SOLVENT CONDITIONS Com- Formula Am't Formula Amt Temp. Time p o- (gm) (gm) (*C.) (Hrs) sition l6 CH =CHOCCH CH N(CH=,) l5 (CH;,O);,SiCH CH CH Cl 2O Z-methoxy- H5 20 ethanol Compositions I-l 1, l5 and 16 are quaternary ammo- 30 psi and 100C. to form molded sheets having a nium halides, While Compositions 13 and 14 are ythickness of about 120 mils and containing about 30 drochlorides of secondary and tertiary amines. Compopercent b w i ht f the cured polyester resin The sitions l and 16 are not within he op Of the lnvenresin utilized in the laminates was a solution of 70 parts tionthey have isolated terminal saturation and were li polyester i 30 parts styrene mer, t whi h Produced for Comparison as coupling g Those was added 0.5 parts benzoyl peroxide dissolved in Products Within the e P of the invention a about 7.5 parts styrene monomer. The linear polyester terminal unsaturation which is activated by con ugation i the resin mixture was prepared f h h li id With double bonds of ammahe h of the P and maleic acid in equimolar proportions reacted with (its formed Genome dlsperslohs water' polypropylene glycol, the 70 percent solution of this q EXAMPLE 2 20 polyester m styrene having an acid number of about 3- The flexural strengths of the laminates were deter- Heat-cleaned 181 y glaes Cloth was PP mined in accordance with US. Federal Specification into 02 Percent aqueous P of the reaehoh L-P 406 b Method 1031. Flexural strength was also demixtures of Example 1 (Whleh were 5 Pereeht Sell/eh?) termined on samples of the laminates which had been Providmg a (H Pereeht eoheehtraheh of h eehohle immersed in boiling water for 2 hours and then wiped coupling agent- The treated glass Cloth was alr'dzled for dry, this being a test which is recognized as roughly the one hour and then heated for 7 mmuleS t 100 C. T equivalent of standing in water at room temperature for glass Cloth treated with amine bydrochlorldes P one month. The results of the latter test will be referred SitiOIIS 1 and was flnseel a 1 Peleent q e to hereafter as the 2 Hour Boil data. The 2 hour boil ammonia SOIUIIOVIII before hy flexural strength multiplied by 100 and divided the Laminates, Yvhlch eontalned 14 P of thgtreated strength of the laminate as molded is reported as the glass Cloth (l P Wlth e Warp rotated 90 alter Percent Retention of laminate strength. The followhate Phes) impregnated Wlth- Polyester resmi were ing results were obtained on the above prepared lamiprepared. The laminates were cured for 30 minutes at n t TABLE II Laminate Properties Percent Compo- Formula of Coupling Agent on Glass Cloth Flexural Strength (psi) Retention sition Dry 2 Hr. Boil l ((H O) SiCH CH CH N(CH CH CH OCOC(CH )=CH Cl 90,300 79,200 88 2 (CH OhSi(CH )CH N(CH CH CH OCOC(CH )=CH Cl 51,500 18,500 36 3 CH OSi(CH CH N(CH CH CH oCOC(CH )=CH Cl 59,400 32,400

4 (CH O) Si- CH2N(CH3)2CH2CHZOCOC(CH3)=CHZ Cl 86,300 80,000 93 5 (CH;;O) -;Si- 'CH2N(CH3)2CH2CH2OCOC(CH3)=CH2 Br 78,600 75,900 96 Laminate Properties Percent Compo- Formula of Coupling Agent on Glass Cloth Flexural Strength (psi) Retention sition Dry 2 Hr. Boil 7 (CH;,O);,SiCH N(CH CH CH OCOC(CH )=CH Cl 84.000 79,000 94 8 (CH;,O) SiCH CH CH N(CH CH CH- ,OCOC(CH )=CH Cl 71.200 71.300 100 9 (CH O);,SiCH CH CH N(CH CH CH OCOC(CH3)=CH Cl 10 (CH O) SiCH CH CH N(CH;,) CH CH=CH, Cl 86.300 80.000 93 l l (CH,O);,Si CH NH(tC H,,)CH CH OCOC(CH )=CH Br 79.600 64.200 81 9 l2 (CH O) SlCH CH CH NH(CH:| )CH- 1@-CH=CH Cl 91,200 86,700 95 9 13 (C H O) SiCH CH CH NH CH E CH=CH Cl 89.000 78 100 89 ll! 69 G 14* (CH O) Sl(CH NCHgCHgNHgCHgQ F z Cl 87.000 80.700 93 l5 (CH-,0 SiCH- Cl-l CH- N(C CH CH=CH Cl 23 ,400 10,200 43 l6 (Cl-1 0) SiCH CH N(CH CH CH OCH=CH Cl 33,100 18,500 56 Control No coupling agent on glass 38,700 12,300 32 *treated glass was rinsed in dilute aqueous ammonia solution.

EXAMPLE 3 The above data demonstrates that the cationic compositions of the invention are highly effective coupling agents, especially when compared with cationic agents, such as compositions l5 and 16 which do not contain the conjugation necessary for activation of the double bond. Because of their stronger bond to the glass, the compounds which have three hydrolyzable groups attached to the silicon are preferred. Compositions where n is 1 or 2, as in compositions 2 and 3, are effective but to a limited extent when compared with the compositions where n is 3.

A mixture of 18.7 grams (0.1 mol) of (Cl-I 0), SiCH CH CH N(CH 9 grams of methacrylic acid, 60 10 grams of e pichlorohydrin in 40 grams of t-butyl alcohol and 0.1 grams of sulfur (as stabilizer) was refluxed for 3 hours. Titration indicated the presence of 0.1 mol equivalent of chloride ion. The product was Ten milliliters of the reaction mixture was mixed with 250 milliliters of l,2-dimethoxyethane to precipitate a granular solid. This solid was separated by filtration and dried to recover grams of the'pure product. The solid was soluble in'water and titrated for an equivalent weight of 370/Cl; theory 365/Cl.

Glass cloth, treated with an 0.1 percent aqueous solution of the above product was laminated with polyester resin and tested for flexural strength in the same manner as described in Example 2. Results are tabulated below:

Flexural Strength 75,400 psi 2 Hour Boil 63,300 psi Percent Retention 84% EXAMPLE 4 A mixture of 14 grams (0.1 mol) of glycidyl methacrylate and 17 I grams (0.1 mol) of (CH O) SiCH CH Cl-l NHCH was allowed to stand at room temperature. After 24 hours the product was a clear viscous oil which did not contain any epoxy or free secondary amine. Gas-liquid chromatography indicated that there was no unreacted starting material in the product. Infra-red spectroscopy identified the methacrylate double bond and was consistent with the following proposed structure:

A second nonionic agent was prepared by allowing a mixture of and l-3- butylene dimethacrylate to react at room temperature. After 2 days the materials had reacted to form the two isomers:

In addition, the reaction mixture contained an equivalent amount of the bis-adduct and a small amount of unreacted butylene dimethacrylate.

A third nonionic agent was prepared by reacting a mixture of 25 grams of and 18 grams of CH =C(Cl-l )COOCH Cl-l NH(tbutyl) with 1 gram tris-(dimethylaminoethyl)phenol catalyst and 0.2 grams of sulfur stabilizer at 100C. for 8 hours. The amber oily product contained only a trace of starting materials and retained the methacrylate double bond as identified by its infra-red spectrum. The product was insoluble in water, but soluble in 50 percent aqueous acetone or dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid.

A portion of the above products were converted to their cationic form by addition of dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid. The remaining portions of the products were added to dilute aqueous acetone solutions to form 5 a non-ionic treating formulation. Glass microscope slides were treated by soaking for minutes in the hydrochloric or acetone solutions and drying for 30 minutes at room temperature. The polyester resin described in Example 2 was applied to the glass slides and cured for one hour at 100C. Adhesion of the cured polyester to the treated slides was tested qualitatively by attempting removal of the resin with a razor blade after initial cure and after 3 days immersion in water.

The cationic form (chlorides) proved to be very good coupling agentsthe resin adhering strongly to the glass, even after 3 days in water-while the nonionic form of the products (applied from acetone) gave only limited increase in adhesion which was lost after immersion in water.

20 EXAMPLE 5 The importance of the cationic nature of the compounds of the invention is illustrated by the following: The compound,

prepared as described in Example 4, was applied to glass cloth from isopropanol-water, dilute aqueous acetic acid and dilute aqueous hydrochloric acid. The cloth was laminated with polyester resin and tested as previously described. The cationic nature of the amine increases in the order given below:

Solution of Amine-Functional Laminate Properties Silane Coupling Agent Flexural Strength Percent 2 Retention Dry Hr. Boil O. l% isopropanol-water 55,200 30,000 54 0.5% isopropanol-water 74,300 49,500 67 0.l dilute acetic acid 77.000 63,600 88 0.1% dilute hydrochloric acid 80,400 62,500 78 EXAMPLE 6 When 2-3 mole percent of G (011,0)ustcihcmoihii-cincmo-gwit-cu. cincoo (inn). 0

is copolymerized with butadiene to form an elastomer and the copolymeric rubber is then bonded to untreated glass tire cord fabric by techniques conventional in the rubber industry, there is obtained a reinforced rubber article of enhanced strength.

EXAMPLE 7 When 1-5 mol percent of (4) 9 (in; Q S nd cycle at an injection pressure of 600 p.s.i. at the (can.0)asicnzcnacriztca=cn=OeC- c1 following temperatures: rear heater, 430Fi; front (CH3): heater, 470F.; and mold, 120F. Flex and tensile bars were molded and tested. The table relates the coupling agents used to the test results. The recorded data are [S copolymerized with 95-99 mol percent of a mixture the average of five test results of ethylacrylate, methylmethacrylate as a 40 percent 10 solution in cellosolve acetate, there is obtained a clear acrylic copolymer, which when filmed on metal surfaces and baked at 150C. is converted to a clear, hard Strength Flexural coating with improved adhesion and solvent resistance. '5 Fexqra] Tensile Modulus EXAMPLE 8 A (ps1) (p (p i) To demonstrate the anti-static properties of the catiggz 14 of 88 2 38 292 888 onic compounds of the lnvention when appl e to glass E p e 14 f 9 880 4 620 63 fibers, bundles of glass f bers were dipped 1n a Perggs? 3 gimethYloL 3,000 cent solution of composition 1 of Example 1. The resispropane trimethacrylate and dicumyl peroxide ttvity of the glass fibers was determined and reported Composition 0530 4,620 588,000 as the log of r. For purposes of comparison, the same Example 2 plus di i l test was run on glass fibers which had been treated with genzen e (55%fi0lution) and t i lCUm EI'OXI B a commerclally-avallable $113116 couplmg agent, Compgsii ion l4 of l0,080 4,610 525,000

Example 2 plus ethylene (CH O) Si(CH );,OOCC(CH )=CH Results are as foldlmethacrylme lows:

. 3O (9 h): 9 9B: These data demonstrate the superior strengths o bl tained by use of the cationic amine functional coupling agents of the invention.

EXAMPLE 10 I 9?": caohsicH-koccwfl. Clean aluminum panels were wiped with a 10 percent solution of the reaction product of beta-aminoethyl- The lower log value obtained by use of the cationic gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and vinylbenzyl composition signifies the better charge dissipation chloride in Z-methoxyethanol. The primed panels were which facilitates handlin of the glass fibers. air dried for five minutes and then ressed a ainst molg 40 l f h l p lh ten po ymers 0 various c emica structure. e bond- EXAMPLE 9 ing conditions for the different polymers are noted be-.

Composite a t c es o wollastonite filled p lyp py low. All of the polymers are commercially available one were prepared by njec n g. The molding materials. After cooling to room temperature, adhesion composition was prepared by mixing 100 parts by was determined qualitatively by loosening a portion of weight of wollastonite with 0.5 weight percent of an amine hydrochloride coupling agent (Composition No. 14 of Example 1) in a Waring blender for one minute. The wollastonite was then mixed with 150 parts by weight of commercially available powdered polypropylene. In certain instances, 5 weight percent of a vinylic monomer and one weight percent of dicumyl peroxide (catalyst) were added to form in situ a cationic amine functional copolymer as the coupling agent. The injection molding apparatus was operated on a 45 secthe polymeric film with a razor blade and pulling. Ad

hesion was considered nil when the film detached from the panel without pulling and excellent when there was cohesive failure or the film could not be pulled from the panel. Adhesion of the different polymeric films is listed below:

TABLE III Polymer Bonding Conditions Adhesion Temperature C. Time pol pro lene 200 10 sec. C.F. higi i der is ity polyethylene 200 I see. C.F. polystyrene 200 l min. C.F. polyamide 200 I5 sec. C.F. polycarbonate 250 30 sec. C.F. polyvinyl acetate I l min. C.F. cellulose acetate 225 l0 see. good polyvinyl chloride 200. l min. C.F. poly(styrene-acrylonitrile) 225 l min. ood

, poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene) 225 l min. all

styrene-butadiene elastomer 225 l min. very good polyformal 250 l min. CF.' saturated polyester (Mylar) 250 l min. C.F. polysulfone 275 l min. fair polyvinylidene chloride 200 3 min. C.F. poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) 300 l min. good C.F. Indicates cohesive failure Silane on glass Adhesion to Glass of treated polymer of untreated polymer none nil good cohesive failure nil very poor very poor These data demonstrate that the coupling agents of the invention are effective with a wide variety of polymers including condensation polymers, such as polycarbonate, and vinylic polymers, such as polystyrene.

EXAMPLE 11 The coupling agent utilized in Example was used to increase the adhesion of molten polyethylene in a variety of substrates. Each substrate was primed with the coupling agent solution described in Example 10. High density polyethylene'was then bonded to the primed surfaces by pressing lightly under the conditions indicated. For purposes of comparison, adhesion of poly- These results show that the amine hydrochloride was formed in situ and did increase adhesion of the polymer to the glass.

EXAMPLE 13 Adhesion promotion of vinylic resins to alkaline minerals was demonstrated by preparing castings from a mixture of powdered alkaline mineral fillers and a commercially available unsaturated polyester resin. The coupling agent was added to the resin in an amount equivalent to 0.5 percent by weight based on the weight of filler. Filler content and composition and flex strengths of the cured castings are given below:

Flex Strength (psi) of Castings Filled With:

48% CaCO ethylene bonded under the same conditions to unprimed surfaces was also determined. Results are as follows:

Adhesion promotion of vinylic polymers to gold was demonstrated by priming Type III, hard, 20 DWT den- TABLE IV Substrate Bonding Conditions Adhesion Temperature C. Time Primed unprimed aluminum 200 3 min. C.F. poor glass 200 3 min. C.F. nil magnesium 200 l min. C.F. nil nickel alloy 200 1 min. C.F. poor brass 200 3 min. good very poor chrome-plate steel 200 3 min. good fair cold-rolled steel 200 3 min. very good fair tin-coated steel 200 3 min. good poor titanium 250 3 min. good very poor ceramic tile 200 3 min. C.F. nil glazed clay tile 200 l min. C.F. poor silver 200 l min. C.F. poor gold 200 1 min. very good very poor C.F. indicates cohesive failure These data demonstrate that the adhesion of vinylic polymers to a variety of inorganic substrates, both siliceous and nonsiliceous, is improved by use of the coupling agents of the invention.

EXAMPLE 12 Bonding in accordance with the present invention was accomplished by the in situ formation of amine hydrochlorides. Glass microscope slides were primed with a 10 percent solution of an amine-functional silane. The solvent was 2-methoxyethanol. Granules of a commercially available polypropylene (Profax 2303 from Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington, Delaware) were primed with a 10:1 mixture of vinylbenzyl chloride and dicumylperoxide diluted to 10 percent reactive ingredients with 2-methoxyethanol. The treatedgranules were pressed onto the treated slides for one minute at 250C, cooled to room temperature and examined for adhesion. For purposes of comparison, the adhesion of untreated polypropylene granules bonded to treated glass slides was also determined. Results are given below:

tal gold with a 5 percent solution of the same coupling agent used in Example 13 and coating the primed gold with an acrylic dental resin (Vinacryl from Cosmos Dental Products, Inc.). The acrylic resin paste was cured at C. for 30 minutes. Adhesion of the cured acrylate to primed and unprimed gold was compared after cooling to room temperature and after soaking in water. The cured resin showed fairly good dry adhesion to the unprimed gold, being removed only with difficulty, but after soaking in water for eight hours the resin detached of its own accord, from the gold. Adhesion of the cured resin tothe primed gold was excellentthere was cohesive failure of the resin during attempts to remove it from the primed surface. After soaking in water for three days, attempts to remove the resin from the primed gold surface again resulted in cohesive failure in the resin.

That which is claimed is: 1. A vinylic copolymer formed by addition polymerization of from 0.5 to 5 mol percent of X iQ-1}IZQ=CH R R" moiety, Z being bonded to the nitrogen atom by a 3 m 5 C-N bond;

R is the hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl radical; and Y is an acid anion, hydrolyzates and partial condensates thereof, in which with from 95 to 99.5 mol percent of a vinylic organic X is the hydroxyl group or a hydrolyzable radical; monomer. I R is a lower alkyl radical; l 2. A copolymer in accordance with claim 1 where in n is an integer having a value of from 1 to 3 inclusive; the silane Z is an arylene radical having a double bond Q is a divalent hydrocarbon radical or a divalent hyconjugated with the drocarbon radical containing oxygen in the form of C CH I n -c0c-, -coc-, -cor COH 3. A copolymer in accordance with claim 2 1n WhlCh O O the silane is of the formula 69 G) (cn o) Si(CH N(-CH NCH E CH=CH c1 groups or nitrogen in the form of v 4. A copolymer in accordance with claim 2 in which the silane is of the formula (9 6 (C H O) s 1on CH CH NCH CH=CH c1.

RIIN' 5. A copolymer in accordance with claim 1 wherein the vinylic monomer is selected from the group consistgroups; ing acrylates, styrene and vinyl acetate.

R is independently selected from the group consist- 40 A copolymer in accordance with claim 1 wherein ing of the hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl radical or the Vinyl monomer is butadiene a.heterocychc Orgarilc compomid containing the 7. A copolymer in accordance with claim 1 wherein nitrogen atom as a ring member, m is an integer of l or 2; Z is a divalent organic radical having a double bond rylate and ethylacrylate.

conjugated with the the vinylic monomer is a mixture of methylmethac- 

1. A VINYLIC COPOLYMER BY ADDITION POLYMERIZATION OF FROM 0.5 TO 5 MOL PERCENT OF
 2. A copolymer in accordance with claim 1 where in the silane Z is an arylene radical having a double bond conjugated with the
 3. A copolymer in accordance with claim 2 in which the silane is of the formula
 4. A copolymer in accordance with claim 2 in which the silane is of the formula
 5. A copolymer in accordance with claim 1 wherein the vinylic monomer is selected from the group consisting acrylates, styrene and vinyl acetate.
 6. A copolymer in accordance with claim 1 wherein the vinyl monomer is butadiene.
 7. A copolymer in accordance with claim 1 wherein the vinylic monomer is a mixture of methylmethacrylate and ethylacrylate. 